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Date: Sun, 14 Nov 93 09:40:40 PST From: Info-Hams Mailing List and Newsgroup <info-hams@ucsd.edu> Errors-To: Info-Hams-Errors@UCSD.Edu Reply-To: Info-Hams@UCSD.Edu Precedence: Bulk Subject: Info-Hams Digest V93 #1344 To: Info-Hams Info-Hams Digest Sun, 14 Nov 93 Volume 93 : Issue 1344 Today's Topics: 10 meter beacons Abbreviating Dates (2 msgs) FCC question pools on the net? FM on 7105 khz How to find the answers to frequently-asked questions about Ham Radio remote switch What do I do now/ (2 msgs) Send Replies or notes for publication to: <Info-Hams@UCSD.Edu> Send subscription requests to: <Info-Hams-REQUEST@UCSD.Edu> Problems you can't solve otherwise to brian@ucsd.edu. Archives of past issues of the Info-Hams Digest are available (by FTP only) from UCSD.Edu in directory "mailarchives/info-hams". We trust that readers are intelligent enough to realize that all text herein consists of personal comments and does not represent the official policies or positions of any party. Your mileage may vary. So there. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Date: Fri, 12 Nov 1993 06:35:53 GMT From: news.Hawaii.Edu!uhunix3.uhcc.Hawaii.Edu!jherman@ames.arpa Subject: 10 meter beacons To: info-hams@ucsd.edu Gang, In a previous discussion someone mentioned the monitoring of beacons to check band openings, so here is a rather complete list of 10 meter beacons. I received this from ham-server@grafex.sbay.org. What I find very interesting to note is the very low power that most of these beacons use; a good portion are in the QRP range (5 watts or less). As is said, when the band is open, one can use flea-power and still be heard. Jeff NH6IL ******************************************************************* Subject: File K:/hamradio/10meters/10mbeaco.lst, in plaintext, Part 1 ------------- cut here ----------------- The following 10 meter beacon list has been compiled and maintained by Joe Gumino (K2OLG). If you have any corrections, additions or deletions please direct them to me (WA2ZYU @ KB1BD-4) and I will forward them to Joe. Thank you for your interest and response to this list in the past. Joe and I shall work to keep it current.......agn tnx & 73. 10 METER BEACON'S de K2OLG 2/19/90 Part 1 Edited and distributed under OKIPN by N8GTC FREQ. CALL OPERATION LOCATION NOTES 28.175 VE3TEN C OTTAWA, CANADA 10W, GP 28.191 VE6YF EDMONTON, ALBERTA 10W 28.195 IY4M ROBOT BOLOGNA, ITALY 20W, 5/8 GP 28.200 GB3SX C CROWBOROUGH, ENGLAND 8W, DIPOLE 28.201 LU8ED ARGENTINA 5W 28.202 KE5GY ARLINGTON, TX 5W, VERTICAL 28.2025 ZS5VHF NATAL, RSA 5W, GP 28.204 DL0IGI C W. GERMANY 100W, VERT. DIPOLE 28.205 KA3OEM MEADVILLE, PA. 27W, YAGI/WEST 28.206 KJ4X PICKENS, SC 2W, VERTICAL 28.2075 W8FKL C VENICE, FLA 10W, VERT. 28.208 WA1IOB C MARLBORO, MASS 75W, VERT. 28.209 NX2O C STATEN ISLAND, NY 10W, GP 28.210 3B8MS C MAURITIUS GP 28.210 K4KMZ I ELIZABETHTOWN, KY. 20W, VERT. 28.210 KC4DPC C WILMINGTON,NC 4W, DIPOLE 28.212 EA6RCM PALMA DE MALLORCA 4W, 5 EL NNE 28.2125 ZD9GI C GOUGH IS. GP 28.215 GB3RAL C SLOUGH, BERKSHIRE 20W, GP 28.2175 W8UR MACKINAW ISLAND,MI .5W, GP 28.2175 WB9VMY C CALUMET, OK. 2W, DIPOLE 28.2195 LU4XS CAPE HORN 28.220 5B4CY C CYPRUS 26W, GP 28.221 PY2GOB SAN PAULO, BRAZIL 15W, VERT. 28.222 W9UXO C NR CHICAGO, ILL. 10W, GP 28.2225 HG2BHA C TAPOLCA, HUNGARY 10W, GP *28.225 PY2AMI C SAO PAULO, BRAZIL 5W, DIPOLE 28.2275 EA6AU C MALLORCA, BALEARIC IS. 10W, 5/8 GP 28.230 ZL2MHF C MT. CLIMIE, NZ. 50W, VERT. DIPOLE 28.232 W7JPI/AZ C SONOITA, ARIZ. 5W, 3 EL YAGI NE 28.233 KD4EC C JUPITER, FLA. 7W, GP 28.235 VP9BA C HAMILTON, BERMUDA 10W, GP 28.2375 LA5TEN C OSLO, NORWAY 10W, 5/8 GP 28.2405 5Z4ERR C KIAMBU, KENYA 28.245 A92C BAHRAIN NW/SE DIPOLE 28.2455 ZS1CTB C CAPETOWN, RSA 20W, 1/4 VERT. 28.247 EA3JA BARCELONA, SPAIN 28.2475 EA2HB I SPAIN 6W, GP 28.248 K1BZ C BELAST, MAINE 5W, VERT. DIPOLE 28.250 W3SV C ELVERSON, PA 10W, VERT. 28.250 K0HTF C DES MOINES, IA 2W, GP 28.250 Z21ANB C BULAWAYO, ZIMBABWE 15W, GP 28.2505 4N3ZHK C MT. KUM, YUGOSLAVIA 1W, VERT. 28.252 WJ7X C SEATTLE, WA 5W, RINGO 28.252 WB4JHS I FLORISSANT, MO. 7W, VERT. 28.2525 OH2TEN FINLAND 28.255 LU1UG GRAL PICO, ARGENTINA 5W, GP 28.2575 DK0TEN C ARBEITSGEN, W. GERMANY 40W, GP 28.259 WB9FVR C PEMBROKE PINES, FLA. 1W, DIPOLE 28.260 VK5WI C ADELAIDE, SA, AUSTRALIA 10W, GP 28.262 VK2RSY C SYDNEY, NSW, AUSTRALIA 25W, GP 28.264 VK6RWA C PERTH, WA, AUSTRALIA 28.266 VK6RTW C ALBANY, WA, AUSTRALIA 28.266 KB4UPI C BIRMINGTON, ALA 20W, 1/4 VERT. 28.2685 W9KFO I EATON, ILL 750MW, VERT. 28.270 ZS6PW C PRETORIA, RSA 10W, 3 EL YAGI 28.270 VK4RTL C TOWNSVILLE, QLD, AUSTRALIA 28.2725 9L1FTN I FREETOWN, SIERRA LEONE 10W, VERT. DIPOLE *28.2745 ZS1LA STILLBAY, RSA 20W, 3 EL YAGI NW 28.275 AL7GQ C DENVER, CO 1W, LOOP 28.2755 N6RDX I STOCKTON, CA 20W, 3 EL YAGI 28.2775 DF0AAB C KIEL, W. GERMANY 10W, GP 28.280 LU8EB ARGENTINA 5W 28.282 VE1MUF C FREDRICKTON, NB, CANADA 500MW, DIPOLE 28.282 VE2HOT C BEACONSFIELD, QUE 5W, VERT DIPOLE 28.2825 OK0EG C HRADEC KRALOVE 10W, DIPOLE 28.284 VP8ADE C ADELAIDE IS, NR ANTARCTICA 8W, V BEAM TO G LAND *28.286 KE2DI NR ROCHESTER, NY 2W, VERT. DIPOLE 28.286 KK4M C LAS VEGAS, NEV. 5W, VERT. 28.287 W8OMV NR ASHVILLE, NC. 5W, GP 28.287 H44SI C SOLOMON IS. 15W 28.288 W2NZH I MOORESTOWN, NJ 3W, GP 28.290 SK5TEN SWEDEN 28.290 VS6TEN C HONG KONG 10W, VERT. 28.292 ZD8HF ASCENSION ISLAND 28.2925 LU2FFV SAN JORGE, ARGENTINA 5W, GP 28.295 WC8E I CINCINNATI, OHIO 10W, RINGO 28.296 W3VD C LAUREL, MARYLAND 1.5W, VERT. DIPOLE 28.297 WA4DJS I FT. LAUDERDALE, FLA 30W, GP 28.301 KF4MS C ST. PETERSBURG, FLA 5W 28.3025 PT7AAC FORTALEZA, BRAZIL 5W, GP 28.306 PT8AA RIO BRANCO, BRAZIL 5W, GP 28.315 ZS6DN C IRENE, RSA 100W, VERT. 28.888 W6IRT HOLLYWOOD, CA 5W, GP CODE PRACTICE 28.992 DF0ANN MOTITZBERG, W. GERMANY 20MW, 1 EL DELTA LOG * REVISION ------------- cut here ----------------- -- This is the last part --------------- --- End of session. ************************************************************************** Oh, hopefully the NH6IL/B 10 meter beacon will be operational in January; as of now Hawaii is not represented on 10. I'm shooting for 28.203 - I'll make an announcement when it's on the air. 5 watts into a 5/8 wave vertical. Jeff NH6IL ------------------------------ Date: 14 Nov 93 13:58:04 GMT From: noc.near.net!news.delphi.com!gilbaronw0mn@uunet.uu.net Subject: Abbreviating Dates To: info-hams@ucsd.edu >In article <9311122339.AA02883@cmr.ncsl.nist.gov> rc@cmr.ncsl.NIst.GOV (Robert Carpenter) writes: >> >> >>Abbreviated Countries where used >>------------ --------------------- >> 12/15/1993 USA >> 15/12/1993 Belgium, Spain, Italy, United Kingdom, Brazil, IMHO the only one that make sense is one that is not ambiguous. That uses the 3 character month field. Example 20JUN1993. No possible ambiguity here. Any of the others can be. For computers the one that takes the least storage would be the best. You are going to tell the computer how to read it so no ambiguity there either since it carries with the program the definition. Gil Baron, El Baron Rojo, W0MN Rochester,MN "Bailar es Vivir" PGP2.X key at key servers or upon request ------------------------------ Date: Sat, 13 Nov 1993 13:45:00 +0000 From: doc.ic.ac.uk!uknet!demon!llondel.demon.co.uk!dave@decwrl.dec.com Subject: Abbreviating Dates To: info-hams@ucsd.edu In article <9311122339.AA02883@cmr.ncsl.nist.gov> rc@cmr.ncsl.NIst.GOV (Robert Carpenter) writes: > > >Abbreviated Countries where used >------------ --------------------- > 12/15/1993 USA > 15/12/1993 Belgium, Spain, Italy, United Kingdom, Brazil, International > English, Latin America > 15.12.1993 Finland, France, Germany, Norway, Switzerland > 15-12-1993 Denmark, Netherlands, Portugal > 1993-12-15 Canada(French), Hungary, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Sweden, > Poland >Note: Doesn't Japan use something like the last format (above)? >It also seems to me that following is true... > 19931215 American National Standards Institute (since it collates > directly without any special treatment). > I would say the standard USA format is the worst - at least all the others manage to go either most significant to least significant or vice versa. When you add the time to it, the ones with the year first make the most sense in computer terms. Wasn't there a court case in the USA once where a European had died and left a will which was apparently dated *after* he died? Evidence had to be produced in court to prove that over this side of the pond we use DD/MM/YY instead of MM/DD/YY. Perhaps legal documents should not be signed before the 13th of the month in order to make such things a bit clearer :-) Dave -- ***************************************************************************** * G4WRW @ GB7WRW.#41.GBR.EU AX25 * Start at the beginning. Go on * * dave@llondel.demon.co.uk Internet * until the end. Then stop. * * g4wrw@g4wrw.ampr.org Amprnet * (the king to the white rabbit) * ***************************************************************************** ------------------------------ Date: 10 Nov 93 09:52:46 -0800 From: swrinde!cs.utexas.edu!howland.reston.ans.net!agate!library.ucla.edu!csulb.edu!nic.csu.net!vax.sonoma.edu!butler@network.ucsd.edu Subject: FCC question pools on the net? To: info-hams@ucsd.edu Are the question pools for FCC license exams available on the net? If so, where? Thanks for any help, -Bob ------------------------------ Date: Thu, 11 Nov 93 04:30:42 GMT From: swrinde!cs.utexas.edu!howland.reston.ans.net!newsserver.jvnc.net!a3bee2.radnet.com!cyphyn!randy@network.ucsd.edu Subject: FM on 7105 khz To: info-hams@ucsd.edu Has anyone heard that FM signal on 7105kc 0800-1300UTC ? Just curious...didn't know 'they' used FM to do broadcasting on SW. -- Randy KA1UNW If you get a shock while servicing your equipment, "Works for me!" randy@192.153.4.200 DON'T JUMP! -Peter Keyes You might break an expensive tube! ------------------------------ Date: Sun, 14 Nov 1993 02:44:03 GMT From: pacbell.com!amdahl!thunder!ikluft@ames.arpa Subject: How to find the answers to frequently-asked questions about Ham Radio To: info-hams@ucsd.edu Posted-By: auto-faq 3.1.1.1 Archive-name: ham-faq-ptr ------------------------------ Date: Wed, 10 Nov 1993 23:42:31 GMT From: amd!amdcl2!brian@decwrl.dec.com Subject: remote switch To: info-hams@ucsd.edu Steve Bass writes: > As part of a project of mine, I would like to construct a remote > control switch that operates on principles used by garage door > openers and car alarm systems. > > Steve Bass > sbass@fc.hp.com I just finished playing around with one of these and wanted to post what I'd learned to the net but wasn't sure whether anyone would be interested. Obviously, someone is, so here's the garage door info file: I recently reverse-engineered the transmitter half of a simple garage door opener. My intent was to increase it's range beyond the current 30 foot maximum. I didn't figure out how to crank the power, but I did learn a lot about how they work. I haven't studied the receiver box yet. Clock: The circuit derives a simple 50% duty cycle clock from an RC based oscillator. Most of this logic is contained in the single IC. There are two external resistors and one external capacitor used to set the clock frequency. (Note that this clock is a digital clock and has nothing to do with producing the actual RF.) This clock has a period of approximately 1.15 milliseconds. Coding: The code for this unit is a 9 digit base 3 number. It is set via a 9 place dip switch with 3 positions per switch. The 3 positions are labeled minus zero and plus. The switch labeled 1 is sent first. Here are the waveforms associated with each "digit": _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ clock: / \_/ \_/ \_/ \_/ \_/ \_/ \_/ \_ _ _ -: / \_____________/ \_____________ (ie. short short) _____________ _ 0: / \_/ \_____________ (ie. long short) _____________ _____________ +: / \_/ \_ (ie. long long) The IC reads the switch positions and produces a digital signal which is a sequence of nine of the above waveforms (one for each switch) strung end to end followed by a long period of zero output. The key is sent repeatedly while the button is held down. Keying: There are only two connections between the IC and the RF oscillator. One of them carries the above "key" waveform and is apparently used to power the oscillator! I don't really understand the function of the second connection. Oscillator: The RF oscillator is composed of a single n-channel JFET transistor (type 2n5486) and several passive components. It appears that the oscillator tank circuit and the antenna have been combined into a single unit made of a loop on the circuit board with an adjustable capacitor across it. By adjusting the capacitor, I could change the oscillation frequency from 275MHz (max cap) to 335MHz (min cap). Note that most common remote units operate at 390MHz, so this obviously isn't one of them! At the risk of producing a monster, here is an ASCII drawing of the RF oscillator circuit: +9V pin15 | | R7=150K D1 0.62V | 6.7V | +-----+------+----pin14 L1 | | | 4.8V | L3 R9=1K D2 +--------------+ R8=1K | | | | + | | s +--switch--GND | +--------+-----C5----+----g JFET | | d | 10pF | | LOOP | | both diodes are | 16x12mm +-+--+ | cathode "down" | | | | L1=L3=2.2uH | var 4.7pF | | | | | +--------------+----+-----------------------+ The voltages shown are during oscillation. I had some real difficulty measuring the frequency of this circuit because there isn't any point on the circuit that is a pure RF with no AC component due to the switching waveform. I finally just coupled to probe into the loop with a small loop on the oscilloscope probe. Pin 15 is the switching waveform. When it's high, the circuit oscillates. I don't know the function of pin 14. The switch is the button that activates the whole circuit. Anyone with ideas for how to increase the power of this unit? The receiver is in a weather sealed box and I haven't gotten brave enough to open it yet. Brian McMinn N5PSS brian.mcminn@amd.com ------------------------------ Date: Sat, 13 Nov 1993 00:35:16 GMT From: news.uiowa.edu!icaen!drenze@uunet.uu.net Subject: What do I do now/ To: info-hams@ucsd.edu Well, I'm almost ready to got on the air HF-wise for my first time. I've got my random-wire tuner, a tranceiver, a random wire, cables to connect it all...all I lack at the minute is a counterpoise (well, multiple counterpoises for the 2-3 bands I want to get on to) and an SWR meter, which I should be getting in a few days. Question: Now what? I don't have a clue about what the controls on the front of my trusty old HW-101 do (what's a Final? What's a Drier erps...Driver Preselector?). How do I regulate my power output? In short, what in the world do I do? The manual doesn't give me any help, and I don't seem to be able to find anything which tells me just how to tweak everything and get on the air!!! Any help? Peace es 73, Doug N0YVW -- __ /| | Douglas J Renze, N0YVW | \'o.O' | +1 319 337 4664 | IN GOD WE TRUST =(___)= | drenze@icaen.uiowa.edu | All Others Pay Cash U | Douglas-Renze@uiowa.edu | ------------------------------ Date: 14 Nov 93 14:26:29 GMT From: ogicse!emory!kd4nc!ke4zv!gary@network.ucsd.edu Subject: What do I do now/ To: info-hams@ucsd.edu In article <1993Nov13.003516.27888@icaen.uiowa.edu> drenze@icaen.uiowa.edu (Douglas J Renze) writes: >Well, I'm almost ready to got on the air HF-wise for my first time. I've >got my random-wire tuner, a tranceiver, a random wire, cables to connect it >all...all I lack at the minute is a counterpoise (well, multiple counterpoises >for the 2-3 bands I want to get on to) and an SWR meter, which I should be >getting in a few days. Well you really don't need an SWR meter for a random wire installation, but get one if you must. Just try not to be as fixated on obtaining low SWR readings as most hams are. All you really need for a random wire installation is a relative output indicator, a NE-2 bulb and loop will work fine. > Question: Now what? I don't have a clue about what the controls >on the front of my trusty old HW-101 do (what's a Final? What's a Drier >erps...Driver Preselector?). How do I regulate my power output? In short, >what in the world do I do? > The manual doesn't give me any help, and I don't seem to be able to >find anything which tells me just how to tweak everything and get on the air!!! There are several schools of thought on rig tuning. Tune for maximum smoke seems to be a common approach, as does the all knobs to the right approach. But let's try to be a bit more rational. I haven't sat down in front of a HW101 in years, so I'll restrict myself to general advice. First set your band and frequency controls to the band and frequency where you intend to operate. Switch the radio into the dummy load. Your tuner may have one included, if not, *that* should be your first purchase. Set the "load" control on the radio to minimum, usually fully counterclockwise, and set the driver tuning to the band of interest. (Note, on many rigs the driver preselector and the receive preselector are one and the same. In that case, before switching to the dummy load, peak received signals with the control. That'll get you close to the desired transmit setting.) Now the next few steps have to be done rather quickly so read them through until you understand them before proceeding. Find out how to place the radio in transmit. There may be a "tune" position on a mode switch, and/or you may have to put the radio in CW mode and close the key. Make sure the meter is switched to PA amps. When you go into transmit, quickly adjust the "plate tuning" control for a "dip" in the meter reading. This will be the resonance point. The dip in the meter reading should be rather sharp. The meter reading should be rather low at this point. Now adjust the driver tuning control for a maximum reading of the meter. This will "peak" the driver tuning for your operating frequency. Your manual should tell you the ideal plate current for the radio. You will alternately advance the loading control while redipping the plate tuning control until you achieve this current reading at resonance. The dip will become less sharp as you increase loading. Note: you should do this rather quickly, no more than 10 seconds of transmit at a time, or you can damage the finals. If it takes you longer, let the finals rest a few seconds between efforts by unkeying. At this point the radio should be properly tuned. Now you need to adjust the tuner to present the radio with a 50 ohm load. There are several ways to do this, but the best is with a noise bridge. Switch from the dummy load to the tuner and insert the noise bridge in the line between the radio and the tuner. Adjust the tuner for a null in the receiver noise. At this point remove the noise bridge from the line and you are ready to transmit, all without ever putting a dead carrier on the air. This is the ideal tuning method, but if you don't have a noise bridge, there are other ways. If your tuner uses the typical circuit, there should be three adjustment knobs. One will be called input tuning, one will be a switch for the inductor taps, and the third will be output tuning. If your tuner is an 'L' network, there will only be two controls, a tuning control and the inductor switch. In some cases the inductor may be a roller inductor with a turns counting dial instead. In any event, here's a method for tuning up on the air. First select an unused spot in the band and tune the radio into the dummy as above. Switch to the tuner. Set the tuner's output tuning to minimum if you have that control. Now listening to the receiver, adjust the inductor taps, and input tuning, for strongest reception of atmospheric noise. Key the transmitter and adjust input tuning on the tuner for a dip on the radio plate meter. As before with tuning the transmitter, alternate between output tuning and input tuning controls on the tuner until the plate meter reads the proper current at dip. You're tuned up. Alternatively, couple an output indicator to the antenna, and adjust output tuning for maximum output while adjusting input tuning for plate current dip. If you bought that SWR meter anyway, you can place it between the radio and the tuner and adjust the tuner's input tuning control for minimum SWR while adjusting output tuning for the desired plate current and maximum output. This all sounds complicated, and requiring three hands, but it's really easy once you get the hang of it, and you should be able to tune the rig in 3 or 4 seconds. Once you get a feel for where the controls should be on various bands, you'll preset them before starting to tune, and all you'll need to do is quickly touch them up. Gary -- Gary Coffman KE4ZV | Life's a journey, | gatech!wa4mei!ke4zv!gary Destructive Testing Systems | not a destination. | uunet!rsiatl!ke4zv!gary 534 Shannon Way | Live it. | emory!kd4nc!ke4zv!gary Lawrenceville, GA 30244 | | ------------------------------ Date: Wed, 10 Nov 93 23:48:47 EST From: noc.near.net!news.delphi.com!usenet@uunet.uu.net To: info-hams@ucsd.edu References <2blvdg$13fa@msuinfo.cl.msu.edu>, <1993Nov8.230739.14660@ke4zv.atl.ga.us>, <2boouf$12m3@msuinfo.cl.msu.edu> Subject : Re: Radio Shack HTs SOME of the Realistic scanners come out of the Uniden/Bearcat line, while others are done in-house by Tandy. Check the FCC ID on the unit to be sure -- AA0 means a Tandy design, AMW means Uniden. ------------------------------ Date: Sun, 14 Nov 1993 03:59:10 GMT From: spool.mu.edu!sol.ctr.columbia.edu!news.kei.com!news.oc.com!csci-wiermac.etsu.edu!user@decwrl.dec.com To: info-hams@ucsd.edu References <1993Nov5.231254.15145@es.dupont.com>, <2bqons$4t7@ds9.sim.es.com>, <2c0c4v$gbc@wrdis02.robins.af.mil>ser Subject : Re: Fun with Radio Shack In article <2c0c4v$gbc@wrdis02.robins.af.mil>, sberman@robins.af.mil (CONTRACTOR Steven G. Berman;WR-ALC/LKS) wrote: > > Their rules don't allow that. They've got this national software POS > system ("last four digits") that has them scan in everything they > sell. If they give anything away, woe unto them! What I did was wait That may be, but it isn't distributed back to the stores - I go to two different stores here 15 miles apart and they have totally separate data bases on customers... ======== insert usual disclaimers here ============ Bob Wier, East Texas State U., Commerce, Texas wier@merlin.etsu.edu (watch for address change) ------------------------------ Date: Wed, 10 Nov 93 23:46:45 EST From: noc.near.net!news.delphi.com!usenet@uunet.uu.net To: info-hams@ucsd.edu References <CG6JDz.C5v@apollo.hp.com>, <2blvdg$13fa@msuinfo.cl.msu.edu>, <1993Nov8.230739.14660@ke4zv.atl.ga.us> Subject : Re: Radio Shack HTs Actually the clue is the FCC ID (for the receiver's Part 15 approval); it starts with AA0, the code that is used for Tandy non-computer products. Tandy designed the rig themselves and hired the unnamed Korean maker (not one known for its own brand, according to Ed Juge) to build from their drawings. ------------------------------ End of Info-Hams Digest V93 #1344 ****************************** ******************************